成都市夏冬季大气胺颗粒物的单颗粒质谱研究

基于单颗粒气溶胶质谱（SPAMS）对成都市夏冬两季大气胺颗粒进行了综合观测,结合ART-2a算法及人工合并,2个季节大气中的胺颗粒都可分为7类,各类颗粒贡献的季节差异明显,燃烧源颗粒（如EC）在夏季贡献较大,而老化的有机碳颗粒（OCa）贡献在冬季显著升高.两季节平均质谱差减进一步证明夏、冬季分别以燃烧源和老化的胺颗粒为主.因高温分解,夏季胺颗粒占比在正午出现明显的低值,而下午的燃烧活动（如生物质燃烧）对该占比提升作用明显;冬季胺颗粒占比在白天显著高于夜间.随污染加重,胺颗粒数在夏冬两季均快速增加,其中夏季EC颗粒升高最为明显,污染最重时贡献可达47%;冬季升高最明显的是老化程度更高的OCa颗粒,当PM_2.5浓度达到200μg/m³以上时,其贡献比例可达37%.因此,由于污染源和气候条件的差异,成都市大气胺颗粒形成机制和理化特征季节差异巨大.     

鹤山气溶胶光学性质和单颗粒化学组分的研究

2014年10~11月在广东省鹤山大气超级站利用单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪（SPAMS）、积分式浊度仪和黑碳仪在线观测了单颗粒气溶胶的化学组成与气溶胶光学特征.采用Art-2a分类法将单颗粒分为9类：有机碳-硫酸盐/硝酸盐颗粒（OC-Sulfate/Nitrate）、元素碳-硫酸盐/硝酸盐颗粒（EC-Sulfate/Nitrate）、元素碳有机碳-硫酸盐/硝酸盐颗粒（ECOC-Sulfate/Nitrate）、高分子有机碳颗粒（HOC）、海盐颗粒（Sea-salt）、硅酸盐颗粒（Si-rich）、左旋葡聚糖颗粒（Lev）、钾-硫酸盐/硝酸盐颗粒（K-Sulfate/Nitrate）、金属颗粒（Metal）.从清洁期到灰霾期气溶胶的吸收系数、散射系数和单次散射反照率（SSA）显著升高,气溶胶消光能力增强,同时EC-Sulfate/Nitrate颗粒占比从34.8%降至31%,OC-Sulfate/Nitrate颗粒从9.9%增加至23.6%,K-Sulfate/Nitrate二次颗粒从8.5%增加至14%,且灰霾期OC-Sulfate/Nitrate颗粒与硫酸盐、硝酸盐和铵盐的混合程度增强,因此老化的OC-Sulfate/Nitrate颗粒和二次组分颗粒对气溶胶消光系数的增加有重要贡献.在大气相对湿度从50%增加到70%以上的过程中,气溶胶散射系数和吸收系数升高,消光系数由326.1Mm^-1增加到362.9Mm^-1,SSA有所下降,PM_2.5质量消光效率由4.98增加到5.99,EC-Sulfate/Nitrate颗粒和K-Sulfate/Nitrate二次颗粒占比下降,而OC-Sulfate/Nitrate颗粒的占比由7.79%增加到14.29%,且OC-Sulfate/Nitrate颗粒中富含硫酸盐、硝酸盐和铵盐,表明高相对湿度下老化的OC-Sulfate/Nitrate颗粒数目增多对气溶胶消光系数的增强有重要影响.     

A novel online analyzer for accurate and rapid measurement of volatile fatty acids in anaerobic wastewater treatment

Volatile fatty acids (VFAs), which are largely generated during the anaerobic acidification process, are considered to be reliable indicators of the stable process operation. However, the common methods for monitoring VFAs are offline, and they are typically manual requiring time-consuming, costly and complex instruments. This study aims to develop a novel online analyzer for automatic measuring VFAs, which was based on the 5-pH point titration, embedded with a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) feedback control system. The results show that it can achieve accurate and rapid monitoring of VFAs ranging between 0-400 mg/L (<9 min/sample) but simultaneously faces the problems of overtitration and interference of complex characteristics of wastewater. In order to improve its accuracy and stability, the effects of three general coefficients (K_I, K_P, and K_D) of PID on the titration were investigated, and the optimal values of K_I, K_P, and K_D were found to be 1.5, 1.0, and -1.0~0.5, respectively. Besides, the initial titration speed was set at 0.06 mL/min, equal to the minimum speed of the peristaltic pump, and the dichotomy approach was integrated into the PID feedback controller. Owing to the above improvements, the relative mean deviation and standard deviation of measuring VFAs in both synthetic and real wastewaters were mostly lower than 5.0% and 5.0 mg/L, proving the online analyzer is rapid, accurate and reliable.     

一种用于光度法水质在线分析仪的温度自适应算法

分光光度法是用来测量待测物浓度的一种分析方法,在测量过程中,温度是影响测量结果的一个重要因素,提出了一种用于光度法水质在线分析仪的温度自适应算法,在0～40℃的温度范围内,浓度和吸光度的相关性系数都可以达到0.999以上,测量准确性可提高10%。     

中文智能型pH线监控仪及其工程应用

介绍了以微计算机为核心的中文智能型pH在线监控仪的软硬件结构、系统配置模式,及多个废水处理工程中pH监控系统的设计思路和小试的工艺流程。     

南京北郊春季含Pb气溶胶粒子来源分析

含有重金属的气溶胶粒子对人类健康有着重要的影响,其中,重金属Pb对人体神经系统有很大的危害,因此,含Pb气溶胶粒子的化学特征和来源问题一直受到人们的广泛关注.本研究于2012年3—4月使用在线单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪(SPAMS)在南京北郊对含Pb气溶胶粒子进行连续观测,并结合自适应共振理论神经网络算法(ART-2a)对其化学特征进行了分析.结果表明,南京北郊春季含Pb气溶胶粒子按照化学组成可分为6类:富钾-铅类(K-rich)、扬尘-铅类(DUST)、钾-元素碳-铅类(K-EC)、铜-元素碳-铅类(Cu-EC)、锌-铅类(Zn)和锰-铅类(Mn),它们主要来自钢铁冶炼、城市扬尘、燃油排放和化工排放,贡献率分别为70.66%、24.53%、2.47%和2.34%.     

利用SPAMS研究南宁市冬季单颗粒气溶胶化学成分

利用单颗粒气溶胶飞行时间质谱仪(SPAMS)对南宁市2015年冬季2月15~24日期间大气PM2.5进行观测.SPAMS所测得大气PM2.5数浓度与PM2.5质量浓度线性相关系数为0.76,在一定程度上颗粒物数浓度可反映大气污染状况.利用自适应共振神经网络分类方法(Art-2a)对PM2.5化学成分进行分类,确定PM2.5化学成分主要为元素碳、有机元素碳混合颗粒、有机碳、富钾颗粒、矿物质、富钠颗粒、二次无机颗粒、左旋葡聚糖以及其它重金属共9类.成分占比最高的是元素碳,其次是有机碳和富钾颗粒.监测到80%以上的PM2.5粒径主要集中在0.2~1.0μm之间,峰值出现在0.62μm处,各化学成分的粒径分布特征与总颗粒数粒径分布特征相似.各化学成分数浓度与PM2.5质量浓度随时间变化趋势较一致,化学成分数浓度占比变化在一定程度上可反映瞬时的污染来源.     

An adaptive online safety assessment method for mechanical system with pre-warning function

The safety status of a dynamic mechanical system is determined by its historical, current and future states together. Therefore the safety assessment process of such system should have dynamic and diachronic characteristics, which helps to track the dynamic states of system and predict future probable danger in advance. In order to overcome the disadvantages of traditional static safety assessment approaches, the results from which are often delayed and prone to produce false alarms, an adaptive online safety assessment method is proposed in this paper, which consists of two steps. A dynamic adaptive weighting method is first introduced and an aggregation scheme based on “3-D” time perspective is further presented to integrate system’s historical, current and future safety performance in a unit framework, considering both of assessment and pre-warning functions. The proposed method is able to track and predict the safety status of system dynamically and discover the potential fault in time. Its feasibility and benefits are investigated with a field case study of gas turbine compressor system, which validates that the proposed method improves the accuracy of safety assessment in dynamic conditions, and finally helps to restrain the fault symptom by proactive maintenance successfully.     

广州市春季一次沙尘天气过程综合观测

2017年4月21—23日广州市经历了一次远距离传输的沙尘天气过程,为了解沙尘过程对广州市空气质量的影响,基于广州市大气超级站,利用单颗粒气溶胶质谱(SPAMS)、气溶胶激光雷达观测数据并结合HYSPLIT后向轨迹模型分析了沙尘过程细颗粒物组分及污染来源贡献变化和沙尘气溶胶的来源及路径。结果表明:受沙尘过境影响,PM_(10)浓度大幅升高,PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)最小值仅为12.1%;沙尘过境期间影响近地面颗粒物的沙尘高度主要分布在1 km以下区域,近地面颗粒物消光系数均值为100.11 Mm~(-1),探测到最大退偏振比为0.28。SPAMS研究发现沙尘过境期间含硅酸盐颗粒物(SI)的细颗粒物数浓度比例达25.9%,是沙尘过境前的1.4倍;PM_(2.5)中扬尘贡献率明显增大,达到了17.3%,是沙尘过境前的1.9倍。后向轨迹模型HYSPLIT显示此次沙尘为典型的北方沙尘传输,沙尘源自中国西北地区,传输方向为自西北输送至华东地区后,转为东南方向影响广州市。     

对水污染源在线监测设备系统集成的思考

简述了水污染源在线监测设备系统集成的必要性,分析了目前系统集成中存在的问题,以及应采取的对策。按照国家有关规范要求,对现场端的在线监测设备进行科学的综合布局,并从采水、配水、预处理、控制、分析、数据采集与传输、辅助等构成单元,提出了有关水污染源在线监测设备系统集成的方案。